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CONSTRUCTION OF 4600mAh POWER BANK
BY
OBANDE JOSEPH .B. :D141EE039
ALI SULIYAT IYABODE :DI41EE002
BEING A FINAL YEAR PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING,
THE POLYTECHNIC, ILE IFE, OSUN STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING.
UNDER THE SUPERVISION:
OF
ENGR. DR, D.O EXCELLENCE
JUNE, 2015
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the project work titled “CONSTRUCTION OF 4600mA POWER BANK” was done by OBANDE JOSEPH BENEDICT (D141EE039) AND ALI SULIYAT IYABODE (D141EEO22) of the Electrical and Electronic Engineering department under my supervision.
I hereby recommend it for academic advancement.
_________________ ________________
Engr. Excellence, D.O Date
Supervisor
_________________ _________________
Engr. Olatunbosun, M.E Date
Head of Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All Glory be unto God Almighty for making it possible for us to gain admission for the first path of education (ND) in this able institution (THE POLYTECHNIC, ILE IFE) and who have made us scaled through the hardship and tough time. He has been by our side from the first day we step our foot on this great institution. We give all our appreciation to you Almighty God.
We acknowledge with great gratitude to our humble and well respected supervisor, the person of ENGR DR D.O EXCELLENCE for his tireless help and effort. We pray that God will increase his strength.
And also to the effort of our HOD & lecturers ENGR. M.E OLATUNBOSUN, MR ADEDOYIN AKOLADE, I pray that God almighty will reward their hard work. we thank you all for your support throughout this program and we pray that our wonderful and blessed savior will never leave nor forsake you rather He will always continue to meet you at the point of all your needs.
And also we appreciate the effort of MR. KAREEM AYODEJI, for his effort and attention giving to us during the project works, he has been a source of knowledge during the practical. And it is our prayers that God will not forsake him, He will continue to provide for all his needs. We can’t forget the impact of MR UTHMAN BADRUDEEN.
Also to our family; MR & MRS. OBANDE BENEDICT, MR. EMMANUEL OBANDE, MR PETER NKEM, MR CLEMENT OBANDE, and MR & MRS ALLI, MISS FOLASHADE ALLI, MR ALFRED we say a big thanks to you all.
Finally, we appreciate all our course mates and the entire staffs of The Polytechnic, Ile Ife for their assistance, love and understanding towards the successful completion of our National Diploma program. We say a big thank you all.
DEDICATION
The project is dedicated to GOD Almighty for making it possible for the completion of this final year project work which is really a very big challenge to us.
Also for making it possible for the successful completion of this National Diploma (ND) program in The Polytechnic, Ile Ife in peace, healthiness and for the great achievement that we cannot mention.
And also to our great parent for their caring, who have passion for education, who also led us through the right path. And also for their moral, financial and spiritual support giving to us during and after this final year project.
We pray that they will reap the fruit of their labour in JESUS name. Amen.
I pray that they will, live long to witness our greatness. Amen.
Finally we want to dedicate this final year project work to all our friends for their advice during our time in school. Thank you all.
ABSTRACT
This project involves the construction of 4600mAh power bank, it consists of three different modules which are; power storage module, battery charging module and phone charging module. All these modules consist of different circuit in other to perform their main functions.
The power storage module consist of pen batteries of 1.2V with 4600mAh current rating which are all connected in series in other to increase the battery voltage from 1.2V to 10.2V require to power the phone charging circuit.
The battery charging module is responsible for the restoration of energy to the power storage module (battery) after it has been used to charge mobile phones.
In other to ensure that the device is portable to be carry all around, the battery charging module (i.e. battery charger) has been isolated from the circuit, therefore it has reduced the bulky component from the device (power bank) and there is connecting port between the power charging module and the power bank (power storage & phone charging module) through which it can be connected in other to recharge the battery.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Power bank are portable device comprised of a special circuit that control power flow. They allow the storage of electrical energy (i.e. deposit it into the battery bank) and then later use it to charge any mobile device (i.e. withdrawn it from the battery bank).
Power bank is also called “plug in battery, external battery and charging battery” of the digital products. Its definition is convenient and easy to carry large-capacity portable power. Power bank can simple be define as a power storage/energy reservoir for a secondary cell or a rechargeable battery. It is a third party charger that offers power to your mobile phone when the need arises.
Power banks have become increasingly popular as the battery life of phones, tablets and portable media player is outstripped by the amount of time we spend using them each day. By keeping a battery backup close by, you top up your device(s) while far from a wall outlet. Power banks are good for almost any USB-charged devices. Cameras, MP3 player, mobile phones, tablets etc. as long the power bank is charged. Most commonly power bank will have a dedicated input sockets for receiving power. This power can come from a USB sockets on your computer, but may charge faster when using a wall socket adapter. In most rare occasions , power bank can use the same socket for input and output, but this is rare and should not be assumed of any power bank, as trying to force power into an output can damage the battery.
With the rapid development of global economy, people continued to carry more portable electronic products, as mentioned earlier, which are drained or discharged as a result of longtime uses.
Therefore power bank provides the means of recharging then without the needs of waiting for electric power supply be restored. Power bank are of different size and capacities e.g. 200mAh, 3300mAh, 4600mAh etc.
1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The power bank is an electronic device which produces electric energy for consumption when charge, it is an external charging battery for mobile phones.
The benefit of these design include;
Charging of mobile phone when it runs out of battery.
It is portable, is neither heavy nor inconvenient to carry.
It has a multiple socket for all kinds of phone.
It can charge all kinds of phone.
It can run for several hours and keeps feeding mobile phones.
The power bank is a very affordable tool.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
This design (Power bank) is an electronic device aimed at achieving the following;
To construct a power bank that will be able to charge all types of mobile phone devices.
A device that is capable of supplying 4600mAh current.
A device with short circuit protection.
A power bank that as over- charging protection.
A device that the battery is rechargeable.
1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This project is the design and construction of 4600mAh power bank for use in residential homes, commercial homes, offices etc, to charge mobile phones.
The limitation of these design is that it can only be used for the charging of mobile phone device and it should not in any case used to charge other high current consumption device such as laptops, car batteries etc.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Power bank charging equipment specifically designed for the mobile phones of majority of large power consumption. This device is suitable for the system on all smart phones, such as iOS, Androids, Blackberry OS and Symbian.
With an increased number of features, mobile devices like smart phones, tablets etc are requiring more power. To extend their operating life, manufacturing try to use bigger batteries but are limited because of the weight and size. To provide users additional power when their devices are running low, many users are learning to relay upon power banks, a portable energy source that can be carried in a pocket or backpack. Power banks store energy in an internal lithium Ion battery and can charge the mobile devices.
2.2 HISTORY OF POWER BANK
Power bank previously known as mobile power which comes into existence between (2001 –2003) as a result of student carrying out practical knowledge on providing another means of charging their cell phones.
Mobile power (power bank) is essentially a charger, and it first appeared in Lasvegas International Consumer Electronics Show in 2001, a student pieced a control circuit with a few AA batteries representing the portable external battery charger officially born.
The formation stage of the concept of market (2004-2006): victories put a large amount of money to launch the engine compartment named mobile power, and this event marked the untimely the early throes and started their own prototype mobile power by only product concept info the market concept stage.
The slow market development stage (2006-2009): the representative event was that some capable of manufacturing enterprises entered the field of mobile power production, which means that mobile power has finally established its market image as a new product, thereby going into the track of normal development, and to see the growth rate of the steady expansion of market capacity.
It became globally recognized in 2004 when some electronic companies produce it as a special product.
2.3 MARKET GROWTH PHASE
The popularity of power bank began in 2009, during this period, the domestic e-commerce rises (i.e. its sales) and also the rise of smart phones marks the event that gradually establishes the product.
A land mark event from slow growth to the rapid growth was in 2007 when Apple introduced the Iphone (a style product design, with powerful software features and high power consumption). Power bank has made a lot of impacts both on economy and people that went on vacation or tourism so as to keep their mobile device working for longer period of time.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY:
The power bank system consists of three different modules; charging module, power storage module, and mobile charging module, this are represented in the block diagram as shown below:
3.1 CHARGING MODULE
Charging Module consists of all the components required to ensure that the battery (power storage) were recharged after it has been drained or discharged in the process of mobile phone charging.
This module contain circuit diagram which responsible to ensure the automatic charging so as to prevent the battery from being over charged.
3.1.1 CIRCUIT OPERATION OF CHARGING MODULE
Transformer TR1 is a step down transformer that convert the 230V AC supply to 12V AC supply at its output, diode D1...D4 (i.e. D1, D2, D3 & D4) are rectification diode which convert 12V AC (Alternating Current) supply to full wave rectified DC (Direct Current) supply, capacitor C1 is an electrolytic filtering capacitor which remove any AC ripples present in the rectified DC voltage output.
Resistor R1 is of a fixed resistance value which is used as a smoothing resistance for the Potentiometer P1 (variable resistor) which bias the Base terminal of the transistor T1, resistor R2 is a load or collector resistance for transistor T1 and also as a smoothing resistor for the potentiometer P2 which also supply the biasing current to the base terminal of transistor T2.
Transistor T1 and T2 are NPN bipolar junction transistors (BJT), the two transistors are used to power the relay switch so as to control the charging of the battery. The DC rectified output is connected directly to the common terminal of the relay switch and it is also used as a positive power supply for the relay switch. The battery positive terminal is connected to normal open(NO) of the relay switch so that when the battery voltage fall below the setting value the relay is triggered and thereby change it to normal close (NC) and the battery start charging.
Diode D5 is a protecting diode that prevents back flow of electric current as a result of instantaneous tripping on and off of the relay switch coil which induces brief increase of voltage when tripping off and the diode which is reversely connected across the relay switch power terminal allow the voltage to drain out slowly. Diode D6 prevents back flow of electric current to the battery.
3.1.2. SETTINGS OF THE CHARGING WINDOW FOR THE BATTERY
To ensure that the battery is prevented from being over charged, the range/window at which the battery is to start charging and stop charging need to be set and this is done by disconnect the DC rectified output from the circuit and used the battery at its fully charged condition to serve as input to the circuit (when the transformer has been removed) and also connection was made between the negative terminal of the Diode D6 and the relay switch terminal.
The Potentiometer P1 and P2 are set to certain equal range, P2 is used to set the maximum charging voltage of the circuit and it is varied or tuned till the relay switch trip ON while P1 is used to set the lowest or minimum charging voltage and varied until the relay switch also trip OFF therefore the operating window for charging has been set.
After this setting the battery is removed and connects the circuit back to normal wirings.
3.2 POWER STORAGE MODULE
This consists of rechargeable pen batteries (AAA size), each of the battery has current capacity of 4600mAH with voltage of 1.2 volts and they are all arranged in series to give the required voltage of 12V for the Mobile charging module.
+ve-ve
This battery is recharge by the charging module when it is drained or discharged as a result of long time use.
3.3. MOBILE CHARGING MODULE
This module consists of the circuit responsible for the controlling of the current required to charge the mobile device to its full capacity. It gets its power supply directly from the power storage module. It has 40mA charging current at its output.
When power is applied to the circuit through S1, transistor T1 conducts and green the LED lights. When T1 conducts T2 also conducts since its base becomes negative. Charging current flows from the collector of T1, in other to reduce the charging voltage to 4.7 volts, a Zener diode D2 is used. R1 is the base biasing resistor for transistor T1, capacitor C1 filters ripples or noise that may present in the circuit, R2 is the load resistor for transistor T1 and which also determines the collector current output, R3 is biasing resistor for transistor T2 (PNP), R4 is the output load resistance and current limiting resistor for Zener diode while R5 is the limiting resistor to the mobile phone charging point.
3.4 LIST OF MATERIAL USED
3.4.1 EQUIPMENT USED
Breadboard.
Soldering iron.
Lead
Plier
Cutter
Wire stripler
Desoldering pump
Electrician knife
Earthing clip.
USB connector
Vero board.
Battery casing
Pattrex casing
Bolt & nut screw
Terminal connector.
3.4.2 COMPONENT USED
Transformer.
Diode
Resistor
Capacitor
Relay
Zener diode
Variable resistor
LED
Battery
On/Off switch.
3.4.3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
Below are the descriptions of the component used in this project work with their respective circuit symbols.
4.1.1 Transformer: This is used to step down the 230V AC power to 15V AC power supply. There are two types; step down transformer and step up transformer. It has input as primary winding and output as secondary winding.
Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical connection between the coils.
4.1.2 Diode (1N4007, 1N4148): A device which only allows current to flow in one direction, 1N4007 is rectification diode which does the conversion of AC supply DC supply while 1N4148 is mainly used as a protecting diode.
AnodeCathode
4.1.3 Capacitor: There two types; electrolytic and non-polarized, capacitor stores electric charge. This type must be connected the correct way round. A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block AC signals but pass DC signals.
Electrolytic or polarized capacitor Non-polarized capacitor
4.1.4 Resistor: There are two types; fixed and variable resistor, they are mainly used to limit the flow of current to any other component or devices.
Fixed resistor Variable resistor
4.1.5 Transistor: Transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit. There are two types; NPN and PNP.
PNP NPN
4.1.6 Zener diode: Is a special diode which is used to maintain a fixed voltage across its terminals. It is reversely connected in other to act as a voltage regulator but when it is forward bias it act as a normal diodes.
AnodeCathode
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING AND EVALUATION.
4.1 IMPLEMENTATION
After the different modules (charging module, Power storage and Mobile charging module) had been constructed and tested for normal working condition they were enclosed in a plastic casing as shown in the subsequent pictures below.
Picture during construction
Picture during construction and soldering
Picture of the different modules
Enclosed plastic case with charging indicators and switch
4.2 TESTING & RESULT
When the power supply plug is connected to the 240V AC supply and the power switch is turn ON the red indicator lights up showing that electricity has been supplied to the circuit and the battery charging module start charging the battery when the battery has fully charged the relay will trip off thereby preventing the battery from being over charged.
The power bank has USB connector interface through which the mobile device can be connected for charging when the phone charging module is turned ON.
The power bank has the ability to charge two mobile devices at the same time
After the overall construction the device (Power bank) was allowed to charge for some times in other to restore the battery to its fully charged level.
4.3 COST EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS
4.3.1 COST ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS USED
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0. CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION AND REFERENCES
5.1. CONCLUSION
Power bank has made a lot of impact both on human’s life as a result of the fact that people find it difficult to do away with their mobile devices switch off or drained out while they are away from their home or offices or which can be as a result of outage or interrupted AC power supply.
It has also improved the economy tremendously as more people buy it as a necessity for the purpose of charging their mobile devices.
5.2. RECOMMENDATION
This project is recommended for use in office or at any locations for the charging of mobile devices when there is interruption of electric power supply and should not in any case use to charge high consuming devices like laptop computer
5.3. REFERENCES
5.3.1. S.CHAND, (2009). Basic electronics textbook: definition of components, page 105.
5.3.2. www.circuitstoday.com,
5.3.3. www.diy.com
A
PROJECT PROPOSAL ON THE DESIGN OF SMOKE DETECTOR ALARM
BY
AMUSA ABISOLA MARY : DI41EE033
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING.
THE POLYTECHNIC ILE-IFE, OSUN STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF NATIONAL
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.
JULY 2015.
CERTIFICATION
I AMUSA ABISOLA MARY, declare that this work was done by me and has never been presented
elsewhere for the award of a degree. I also hereby relinquish the copyright to The Polytechnic,
Ile-ife, Osun state.
(Name of student) (Name of H.O.D)
………………………….. …………………………
(Signature and Date) (Signature and Date)
………………………… ……………………………….
(Name of Supervisor)
………………………….
(Signature and Date)
………………………………..
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God, the alpha and omega in which the successful completion
of the program is due to His mercy. To my Daddy Mr Tajudeen Amusa. To my respected Mum;
Mrs Christiana Amusa and to my able sisters. May Almighty God let them reap the fruit of their
labour (Amin)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I give my humblest gratitude to Almighty God, the most merciful and most gracious for the privileged,
grace and strength which He has afforded me to partake of this great experience.
To my parents Mr and Mrs Amusa through whom it has been possible for one to experience this life
and have seen to my well being this far. I say a big thank to you with warmest love.
The sincere thanks goes to my esteemed supervisor Mr Kareem Ayodeji who despite his tight schedule
has always attended to my need for the project work. I am thanking him for his co-operation, correction
and scholarly advice, who challenged me to work very hard. I cannot but remember my Sisters for
their financial assistance, concern and endless advice. I will like to thank the HOD of the department
Engr. Olatunbosun M.and all the lecturers in electrical/electronics engineering department, to my
colleagues and classmate a big kudos for the spirit of sharing and understanding. Finally, I will like
to thank my friends and all other well-wishers who have contributed on their own way to this success,
may Almighty God bless everyone "Amen"
ABSTRACT
Fire is a disaster that can strike anywhere and can be very destructive
A method to detect smoke and fire would allow the authorities to detect and put out the fire before
it becomes out of control.
A good fire escape plan will only be successful if we know early enough that a fire has started.
Fire may build rapidly and spread toxic gases and blinding smoke throughout the home or it may start
small and smoulder slowly, all the while emitting deadly toxic gases.
Most fatalities in house fires occur at night and are caused by breathing in smoke and toxic fumes,
rather than by burns. Smoke and flames can quickly overcome residents particularly when they are
asleep.
The nose goes to sleep when we sleep. By detecting smoke, a smoke or temperature detector alarm
gives early warning of fires and alarm to wake you up.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page............................................................
Abstract.................................................................
Table of Content....................................................
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................
Figure 2.1..............................................................
Figure 2.2..............................................................
Figure 2.3..............................................................
Figure 2.4.................................................. .. .........
Figure 2.5...............................................................
Figure 2.6...............................................................
Figure 2.7...............................................................
Figure 2.8...............................................................
LIST OF TABLE......................................................
Table 3.1................................................................
CHAPTER 1............................................................
INTRODUCTION....................................................
1.0 Terminology....................................................
1.1 Heat Detector..................................................
1.2 Smoke Detector..............................................
1.3 Smoke Alarm..................................................
2.0 Types of Smoke..............................................
2.1 Photo electric Smoke Detector.....................
2.1.1 Light scattering Smoke Detector........................................
2.1.2 Light Obscuration ...............................................................
2.2 The Ionisation Smoke Detector..........................................
3.0 Limitation of the project.......................................................
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................
CHAPTER 3..............................................................
3.0 METHODOLOGY.........................................................
3.0.1 Component Analysis...............................................
References.................................................................
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Terminology
There are essentially three different types of devices used for the detection of heat or smoke.
The following definitions are intended a brief explanation of the application of each device within the
context of residential development.
Heat Detector
This refers to a device that is designed to operate at a pre-determined temperature or rate of temperature
rise. These devices are required within suites and other specific locations throughout a multi-family
residential (apartment) building.
The purpose of this device is to alert the residents of both the suite and the building of a fire occurrence.
This device can be activated by heat only and it is usually connected to the building fire alarm system.
Smoke Detector
This refers to a device that is designed to operate when the concentration of airborne combustion
products exceeds a pre-determined level. This device activates more quality than heat detectors and
it is required In an area of multi-residential buildings where hazardous materials may be stored or used.
They may also be used as a substitute for heat detector under specific circumstances. Like the heat
detector, the purpose of the device is to alert the residents of the building of a fire occurrence through
connection to the building fire alarm system.
Smoke Alarm
This refers to a device which is a combination of smoke detector and an audible alarm. It is designed to
sound an alarm within the room or suite in which it is located upon the detection smoke/fire within that
room or suite.
These alarms are activated when smoke either interferes with the ability of ionized air to conduct an
electrical current or scatters light in a way which affects a photo-sensitive plate. This causes an alarm
within the device to sound.
With early detection, small fire can be extinguished before they spread and residents are given enough
time to escape from larger ones. This device is required in all residential unit including single family
and two family dwellings. With the alarm built into the device, it is intended to alert only the occupants
of the suite in a multi-family or all the occupants in a dwelling unit.
Types of Smoke Alarm
There are basically two types of smoke detector alarms. They are properly explained below.
2.0.1 The Photo-Electric Smoke Detector
This is a sensor that is used to initiate a fire alarm when smoke reduces the light received by the
photo-electric cell in a device containing a light source. It is further sub-divided into two, they are
2.0.1.1 Light Scattering Smoke Detector
A Light Emitting Diode (LED) sits on the other side of the partition within the chamber. Smoke
particles entering the chamber defects some of the light rays into the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR).
The LDR generate a current when exposed to light and if the current reaches a certain level, the detector
alarms.
2.0.1.2 Light obscuration
In a projected beam detector, alarms are generated by diffusing the projected light beam by a specific
percentage of obscuration. Total beam blockage generally result in trouble signal.
2.0.2 The Ionisation Smoke Detector
This contains a small amount of radioactive material encapsulated in a metal chamber. Ionizing
radiation develops a slow but steady electrical current. Smoke particles entering the chamber disrupt
the current and trigger the detector alarm.
Which type is better?
Unfortunately there is no simple answer, they both work on different principles and as such they,
respond differently to conditions. Photo electric detector responds faster to slow, smouldering flames.
In this design, my main consideration is based on photo electric smoke detector.
3.0 Significance of the smoke detector alarm.
According to the U.S fire administration, more than 3,000 people died from fires in 2008 with
84 percent of fatal fires happening in homes and other dwellings.
Unless you see a fire start, you can only find out there is fire if you are awake to smell the smoke.
If you happen to be asleep, a smoke detector is probably the only way to save your life and the lives
of everyone sleeping in your home.
4.0 Limitation of the project
The drawback of this project is listed as follows:
1. Some of the components to be used needs to be booked down before they are made readily available
and this tends to increase the time frame of the project.
2. Smoke detector are not recommended for kitchens, bathrooms, or garages where cooking fumes,
steam or exhaust fumes could result in false alarms.
3. It cannot be install in an attic or other unheated spaces where humidity and temperature changes
could affect the alarm's operation.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Background of Smoke Detector
The smoke detector is a major element of a joint project among the Consumer Product Safety
Commission, the Congressional Fire Services Institute, the United State Fire Administration and the
National Fire Protection Association and many other organisation are also project participants and have
a strong interest in the results of the survey if smoke and temperature detector.
In 1989, approximately 85 percent if U.S residence are estimated to have installed smoke detectors,
although residential structural fire deaths fell about 25 percent between 1980 and 1990, the U.S still
has one of the highest fire death rate in the industrialized world.
About 65 percent if home fire deaths occur in the small fractions of homes without smoke detectors.
Further, there us a serious concern that disabled or non-working smoke detectors are so
common that they are preventing the U.S from achieving the full potential to increase fire safety from
smoke detectors.
In 1987, about 35 percent of residential fire deaths occurred in homes that did have detectors.
In addition to homes that did not have smoke detectors installed, a previous study suggested that
one-third of the household that had detectors and experience a fire had non-working smoke or
temperature detectors.
The smoke detector was done to fill a need for new field data on the proportion if installed smoke
detectors that are working.
Smoke and temperature detector alarm are intended to sound an alarm when they sense smoke rise,
so the smoke detector should be placed near the ceiling or directly onto the ceiling. It is usually food
to ensure that smoke detector is placed at every level of the home, inside each bedroom and outside
each sleeping area. It is also good to follow the manufacturer's recommendation for the installation
of the smoke and temperature detector alarm.
2.1 List of Components
Resistor 470 ohms
Resistor 33kilo ohms
Resistor 2.2kilo ohms
Resistor 47kilo ohms
Resistor 560 ohms
Variable Resistors 100kilo ohms
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
Diode (IN4001)
Electrolytic capacitor 10uF
Transistor BC548
Transistor BC558
Transistor TIP41C
Capacitor 0.04uF
Intergrated Circuit(IC) 555 Timer
IC Socket 555 Timer
Buzzer
Switch
Jumpers
Relay
Bridge diode
15V Transformer
Choke resistor 3.3ohms 10watt
Patrex
Vero board
Lead
2.2 COMPONENT ANALYSIS
This entails the basic function of some of the component used and their circuit diagram.
2.3 BATTERY
This is an electrolytic device that stores electrical energy.
Figure 2.1 Battery structural diagram
2.4 RESISTOR
This is a component that oppose the flow if electric current in a circuit.
Fig 2.2(a) Schematic symbol of a resistor
Fig 2.2(b) Schematic structure of a variable resistor
2.5 DIODE
This is a component that allows the flow of current in one direction.
Figure 2.3 Diode schematic symbol
2.6 CAPACITOR
This is a component that helps in the filteration of impurities. Its other function is that it also helps in the storage of electrical charges.
Figure 2.4 Capacitor schematic symbol
2.7 TRANSISTOR
This is a component that helps in the amplification of voltage, current and frequency.
The diagram in Figure illustrate a N-P-N Transistor, while Fig illustrate a P-N-P Transistor.
Fig 3.2(a) Schematic symbol of an N-P-N Transistor
Fig 3.2(b) Schematic symbol of a P-N-P Transistor
2.8 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
This is a component that serves as an indicating device.
Fig 3.5 Schematic symbol of LED
2.9 THERMISTOR
This is a component that works base on the principle that the higher the light intensity, the lower the
resistance and vice versa
2.10 BUZER
This is a device that converts electrical signal to sound. It is usually an output device because it
produces sounds.
2.11 SWITCH
This is a device that helps to make or break the connection in a circuit
Fig 3.8 Schematic symbol of a switch
2.12 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)
This is a component that have a (variable) resistance that changes with the light intensity that falls in it
2.13 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)
This is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors and transistors
are fabricated.
2.14 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device that step-up or step-down voltages.
Fig 3.9 Schematic diagram of a transformer
2.15 RELAY
Relay are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically and electronically.
2.16 BRIDGE DIODE
A bridge diode is an electrical device that converts alternating current(ac), which periodically reverses
direction, to direct current(DC) , which flows in only one direction.
3.0 METHODOLOGY
The key advantage of smoke detectors is their ability to identify a fire while it is still in its incipient.
As such, they provide addedopportunity for emergency personnel to respond and control the developing
fire before severe damage occurs. They are usually the preferred detection method in life safety and
high content value applications. The disadvantage of smoke detectors is that they are usually more expensive to install, when compared to thermal sensors, and are more resistant to inadvertent alarms. However, when properly selected and designed, they can be highly reliable with a very low
probability of false alarm. Table 3.1 shows the list of component, the quantity to be used and their
individual price.
Table 3.1
Miscelleneous Expenses, that is, 10% of the total cost of the materials which is
2420×10÷100= 2420×0.1=242
Addition of the total cost and the miscelleneous expenses=2642.
FIGURE 3.9 SMOKE DETECTOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.0.2 FUNCTION OF THE CIRCUIT
The circuit diagram in figure 1.1 is the smoke detector circuit.
The supplied voltage of the circuit is 6V DC battery.
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR): This works base on the principle of light intensity. The
lower the resistance, the higher the light intensity and the higher the resistance, the lower the light
intensity. When smoke now pass in between the control LED 2 therefore the resistance of the LDR
will increase thereby sound the speaker.
3.0.3 OPERATION OF THE CIRCUIT.
When the main power switch(SW1) is turned on, the LED 1 is turned on thereby indicating that there
is power supply throughout the circuit. LDR and Resistor R8 forms a voltage divider(for smoke detector)
. Diode D1 prevents back flow of electric current, R2 is base resistor for transistor T1, Capacitor C1
filters ripples within the biasing voltage for the LDR
When there is no sensing activities from both sensors, the transistor T2 is properly biased thereby
holds the reset terminal pin(4) high and prevent the Integrated Circuit (IC) from producing sound
output but when there is sensing activities, T1 is forward biased while T2 is reversed biased thereby
the reset terminal pin(4) is drawn to zero(0) volt and the IC produce sound output indicating there is
fire or smoke outbreak.
FUNCTION OF THE CIRCUIT
The circuit Fig 3.10 is a car battery charger circuit and it is incorporated into the smoke detector alarm
circuit. The reason for its incorporation is to charge the 6V battery that powers the smoke detector
alarm circuit. This inturns recycle the operation of the battery.
OPERATION OF THE CIRCUIT
The circuit in Fig 3.11 is powered by a 15V transformer. The capacitor C1 is the capacitor that filters
the ripples in the circuit. This circuit works based on the principle that when there is power in the circuit,
the LED1 remains on and the relay works based on its normal principle but when the battery is low,
the transistor triggers the relay and the relay normal open becomes normal close and the normal close
of the relay becomes normal open and the LED2 is on which indicates that the battery is charging.
CHAPTER 4
4.0 DISCUSSION
Smoke detector incorporated with an alarm system that can help to avert fire occurrence. It does not
really keep the fire from occurring but gives a warning of a fire occurrence.
A charging circuit is also is also incorporated and the function of the charging circuit is to recharge the
6V that powers the smoke detector alarm circuit.
4.1 TESTING
The smoke detector alarm has been tested with the 6V DC battery and it works properly.
Its mode of operation is based on the principle that when smoke particles passes through the Light
Dependent Resistor(LDR), it detects the presence of smoke and in turns sends a signal to the buzzer
which in turns gives out an alarm.
Plate 1.1 The smoke detector alarm circuit under testing.
Plate 1.2 The charging circuit during testing.
4.3.RESULTThe testing carried out on the two circuits tested positive and this shows that the smoke detector alarm is good for use and ready for use as well.
CHAPTER 5
5.0.CONCLUSIONIt is therefore concluded that the smoke detector alarm device is good for use in residential
departments and it guarantees the safety of individuals depending on their response to the alarm.
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
The Smoke detector alarm is recommended for residential uses.
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